Has your dog eaten something they shouldn’t?

Signs usually appear within 6-12 hours of ingestion and can persist up to 72 hours; onset can be delayed because chocolate may form a slowly-absorbed mass in the stomach (wrapped candy can delay effects by hours to days), methylxanthines undergo enterohepatic recirculation, and theobromine has a long half-life in dogs (about 17.5 hours, vs 4.5 hours for caffeine). Pancreatitis is a potential sequela 24-72 hours after ingestion due to the high fat content.

Toxicity scales with methylxanthine dose per kg of bodyweight (mild signs from about 20 mg/kg), so small dogs and concentrated products - baking chocolate (~15.5 mg/g), dry cocoa powder (~28.5 mg/g), cocoa bean mulch (~9 mg/g) - are far more dangerous than milk (~2.3 mg/g) or white chocolate (~0.04 mg/g).

GI signs within 6–12 hours per MSD, or 12–24 hours per VCA; oliguric/anuric kidney failure can develop 24–72 hours after ingestion, often after damage has begun.

sensitivity is idiosyncratic and tartaric acid content varies with cultivar and ripeness; MSD flags more than one grape or raisin per 4.5 kg (10 lb) body weight as a renal risk, while VCA states no well-established toxic dose exists and some dogs are poisoned by smaller ingestions.

Not specified by the sources consulted.

Sour star fruit carries dangerous soluble-oxalate levels; sweet varieties contain far less, but owners usually cannot tell varieties apart and pets with existing kidney disease remain at risk even from sweet fruit.

Hypoglycemia can develop within 30 minutes but per MSD may be delayed up to 12–18 hours; VCA states blood sugar drops within 30 minutes to 2 hours; liver enzyme rises are often detectable within 4–12 hours and liver injury signs may not appear until 24–48 hours or more after ingestion.

Per MSD, doses above roughly 100 mg/kg risk hypoglycemia and above 500 mg/kg risk severe liver failure, but xylitol content varies enormously by product — it hides in sugar-free gum (the most common source), mints, candies, baked goods, some peanut butters, pudding snacks, toothpaste and oral-care products, chewable vitamins, cough syrup and other medications.

GI upset can occur soon after ingestion, but oxidative damage begins within 24 hours and hemolysis with anemia signs typically appears 3–5 days after exposure.

MSD records clinical signs in dogs after eating 15–30 g/kg of raw onion; all forms are toxic (raw, cooked, dehydrated, granulated, powdered), with concentrated forms like dry onion soup mix or powder and repeated small exposures posing the greatest risk, and Japanese breeds (Akita, Shiba Inu) being more sensitive.

GI upset can occur soon after ingestion; oxidative red-cell damage begins within 24 hours and hemolysis with anemia signs typically appears 3–5 days after exposure.

Garlic is 3–5 times more potent than onion (MSD) and concentrated forms are far stronger — one teaspoon of garlic powder is equivalent to about eight fresh cloves (VCA); all forms (raw, cooked, dried, powdered, liquid, supplements) are poisonous, and Japanese breeds (Akita, Shiba Inu) and cats are more sensitive.

GI signs can occur soon after ingestion, but the full onset of anemia signs may take several days (Allium hemolysis typically 3–5 days after exposure per MSD genus-level data).

No leek- or chive-specific toxic dose is established — quantitative thresholds come from genus-level onion/garlic data — but all forms (dried, powdered, liquid, cooked or raw) are poisonous, garlic remains the most potent family member (3–5x onion), and Japanese breeds (Akita, Shiba Inu) and cats are more sensitive.

Signs typically develop within 12 hours of ingestion and generally resolve within 12–48 hours.

Clinical signs have occurred at doses as low as 2.4 g/kg (MSD), severity varies with amount eaten and dog size, and the nuts' high oil content can additionally trigger pancreatitis (Pet Poison Helpline).

Rapid: signs usually appear within about 15-90 minutes of exposure to a toxic dose.

Risk rises with the amount ingested and smaller body size, and hidden sources - liquor-filled candies, raw yeast dough, rotten fruit, hand sanitiser, mouthwash - are easily overlooked.

Signs can start within 1-2 hours of ingestion and can last 12-36 hours.

Concentrated forms (unused coffee grounds, tea bags, energy drinks, pre-workout/diet supplements, caffeine pills) carry the greatest risk - one or two caffeine pills can be fatal to a small dog, while one or two licks of brewed coffee or tea contain far less caffeine and are a much lower exposure, though risk still depends on the dog's size.

No fixed window is given in the verified source; signs develop as the swallowed dough ferments and expands in the warm stomach.

Dogs are the species most often affected because of indiscriminate eating habits, and death, when it occurs, is usually from the metabolic effects of ethanol rather than from gastric distention.

Signs can begin within 1-2 hours of ingestion, or up to several hours.

Unsupervised access to compost, bins and food waste is the classic exposure; mouldy dairy products, walnuts, peanuts, bread and pasta are frequently implicated.

Vomiting can begin within hours of ingestion.

In dogs the acute toxic dose is about 4 g/kg but clinical signs can appear after 2–3 g/kg, and risk rises sharply when fresh drinking water is not available; homemade salt play dough, salt-dough ornaments, rock salt and sea water are documented sources.

Onset not stated in the sources consulted.

Ripe red tomato fruit is far lower in these alkaloids than the green parts, but leaves, stems, vines, unripe green fruit and green or sprouting potatoes concentrate them, and dogs typically need to eat a significant amount for serious effects.

Onset not stated in the sources consulted.

The toxin is concentrated in the leaves and greens — stalks contain very little soluble oxalate — so the risk centres on dogs chewing leaf blades from garden plants or kitchen trimmings.

Sources disagree: ASPCA reports signs starting as rapidly as 30 minutes after ingestion (rarely delayed up to 8 hours), while the MSD Veterinary Manual reports clinical signs developing within 8–24 hours and lasting 24–48 hours.

All forms are dangerous — fresh flowers, dried, pellets, plugs and the sweet-tasting spent hops discarded after home brewing — and Pet Poison Helpline reports heightened risk in Greyhounds, Labrador Retrievers, Saint Bernards, Pointer breeds, Dobermans, Border Collies and American Cocker Spaniels, though any breed can be affected.